Technology

Why DTN, and why now

Delay-Tolerant Networking isn't a new idea. It's been running in space for almost a decade. What's new is making it work on Earth, on consumer devices, inside an adaptive, quantum-safe stack.

The Basics

What DTN is, in 200 words

Traditional TCP/IP assumes you have a continuous path from source to destination. If that path breaks, even for a second, the connection dies and your app has to restart it. DTN takes the opposite assumption: the path is almost never continuous, so data should be self-contained, survive disconnection, and be moved forward whenever a next hop becomes available.

Instead of packets, DTN uses "bundles": encrypted, self-describing units that can wait on disk, hop between intermediaries, and reach the destination even if no single end-to-end path ever exists. This is how the Mars rovers talk to Earth. This is how the International Space Station downloads telemetry.

This is also, it turns out, exactly what your phone needs when it drops off LTE in a tunnel, when a cable gets cut, or when a regime flips the internet kill switch.

AkcaFlowEngine
Adaptive routing layer
DTN / Bundle Protocol v7
RFC 9171 · store-carry-forward
Wormtocol
Quantum-safe cryptographic core
Heritage

How NASA uses DTN today

2016

ISS Node

First operational DTN node installed on the International Space Station. Used for science data downlink and commanding.

2019

DTN Enhanced Payload

Upgraded hardware, higher throughput, and integration with commercial ground stations.

2024

PACE Mission

NASA's PACE satellite uses DTN for all science data return. 34 million bundles moved in the first year with 100% delivery success.

January 2025

LunaNet Interoperability Specification v5

NASA and ESA publish a joint standard for lunar communications using DTN Bundle Protocol v7 as the baseline. Every future lunar mission is expected to comply.

April 2026

Artemis 2

Human lunar flyby launched with DTN embedded in its comms stack alongside the Deep Space Network and Near Space Network.

Our Contribution

DTN for Earth, on consumer devices

01

Bundle Protocol v7 on mobile

Most DTN implementations live in research labs, ground station racks, or spacecraft. Akca's Wormtocol stack runs Bundle Protocol v7 on phones, laptops, routers, and consumer VPN clients. The same encoding, the same store-carry-forward logic, the same fault tolerance, in your pocket.

02

Quantum-safe bundles

Every bundle is wrapped in a three-family hybrid encryption: X25519 + ML-KEM-1024 (NIST FIPS 203) + Classic McEliece. This is the first DTN implementation we're aware of that ships with post-quantum cryptography as a default, not an option.

03

Adaptive routing on top

AkcaFlowEngine sits above the bundle layer and chooses, per region, per user, per time of day, which transport to use, which CLA to prefer, and which fallback path to keep warm. Bundles are the what. FlowEngine is the how.

Timing

Three reasons this is the right decade

The crypto window is closing
NIST finalized post-quantum standards in 2024. Every protocol that doesn't adopt them now will be rewritten under pressure in the 2030s. We're building on the standards while they're still fresh.
Censorship has industrialized
DPI vendors (Sandvine, Allot, Blue Coat) now sell turnkey kill switches to governments. The days of "HTTPS tunnels work everywhere" are over. Survival requires routing intelligence, not just encryption.
Space is getting cheap
LEO constellations, ESA BIC programs, Artemis, commercial lunar missions, all of them need networking that handles minutes of disconnection. The same stack that handles a metro ride handles a Mars-Earth link.
Where the Work Goes

What this costs us, what it buys you

R&D
Hiring cryptographers, CI/CD for formal verification, fuzzing, pen testing.
DTN Integration
Mobile native SDKs, convergence layer adapters, mesh testing labs.
FlowEngine
Federated learning infrastructure, privacy-preserving telemetry, regional training clusters.
Open Source Stewardship
RFC drafting, NGI Zero deliverables, ESA ARTES collaboration, conference presence.

Want the technical details?

Whitepaper available on request.